The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 15


CHAPTER III MARY, VIRGIN MOTHER OF GOD

Hoc solum de Virgine cogitare, quod Dei Mater est, excedit omnem altitudinem quae post Deum dici aut cogitari potest— S. ANSELMUS.

THE privilege of Immaculate Conception was bestowed upon our Lady as a free gift from God. In no sense was it merited—she received it for the sake of men that she might fitly co-operate in the work of Redemption ; above all she received it for the sake of her Son. It was the first of her endowments designed to equip her soul for the supreme office— the most sublime that can be conferred on a creature —the Motherhood of God.

It is the Catholic Doctrine—the Doctrine of the Creeds and of the Ancient Councils of the Church, handing down to us the Divine Tradition, that God took to Himself a human Body, formed by the operation of the Holy Spirit, from the body of Mary, and thus became her Child. This is taught expressly in the Holy Scriptures. "A Body hast Thou fitted for Me." "The Word was made Flesh." Jesus Christ is the Word made Flesh, for whom a Body was fitted. Mary is the Mother of Jesus. The Holy Ghost was to overshadow her, and the Holy One, to be formed of her, should be called the Son of God. 1

This is the very heart of historic Christianity— that is, of Christianity as it has come down to us from its origins. If any man fail to accept the statement of the Creed: " I believe in God the Father Almighty Creator of Heaven and earth," he has no right to be called a Theist; unless he accept also the further profession of faith: "And in Jesus Christ His only Son our Lord, who was conceived by the Holy Ghost, born of the Virgin Mary," it is difficult to see how,—if words are to preserve the meaning they have borne for well-nigh two thousand years—he can have any claim to the Christian Name. Faith in Christianity begins with faith in the truth that Jesus Christ, the Virgin's Son, is the Lord our God. In His Human Nature He is as truly and really of one Substance with His human Mother, as in the Everlasting Trinity He is con-substantial with His Father in Heaven.

"Just as all the Law and the Prophets are contained in two words, so too all our hope hangs upon the Childbearing of Blessed Mary." 2

This, it will be freely admitted, is no light matter. We poor mortals here find ourselves in the presence of the very heart of Mystery. When we behold the unveiled features of the Babe of Bethlehem, we are gazing in very truth upon the veiled Majesty of God.

"What subject," asked Basil of Seleucia, "can, be more sublime than this ? No man can either conceive or speak of that which is the medium between the divine and the human. For, as it is no easy matter either to conceive or speak of God—yea rather it is a thing utterly impossible—so is the great Mystery of the Mother of God above all thought and speech."

1 " Should be called the Son of God " is a well-known Hebraism for "should be in truth the Son of God."

2 Acta Disputationis S, Archelai cum Manete Haercsiarchae, xlix. (P.G. Tom. x., p. 1512). These Acts are a great authority on Manichaeism. It is uncertain who is really represented in the discussion under the name of Archelaus, Bishop of Chalcar in Mesopotamia.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 14


Teaching of Augustine and Ambrose

This truth was handed down from age to age, until when the doctrine of Original Sin was denied by the heretic Pelagius, he urged, appealing to a fact recognised by all, which no Christian would be rash enough to deny, that in the case of the Mother of our Lord and Saviour, it is necessary to orthodoxy to believe that she is without sin. The answer of St. Augustine is famous:

"With the exception of the holy Virgin Mary, touching whom, out of respect to our Lord, when we are on the subject of sins, I have no mind to entertain the question—for how are we to know what greater degree of grace was conferred, in order to vanquish sin in every respect, upon her who merited to conceive and bring forth Him whom all allow to have had no sin ? with the exception of this Virgin, if it was in our power to bring together into one place all the Saints, men and women, when they lived here, and ask them whether they were with out sin, what are we to suppose they would have answered—that which this man [Pelagius] says, or that which John the Apostle said. ... ' If we say that we have no sin, we deceive ourselves and the truth is not in us.' "

St. Augustine had himself been baptised by St. Ambrose, who writes of Mary as " a Virgin by grace, entirely free from any stain of sin."

In these words we find summed up the ancient doctrine of the Church, East and West, handed down from the Apostles. Like other Apostolic doctrines, it was destined in the Providence of God, before formal definition by the Church, to be closely examined by the schoolmen of the early Middle Ages. During that time of searching analysis, some great Dominicans held that our Lady was sanctified, not in the first, but in the second moment of her existence. This view was novel, unknown to antiquity, and never widely spread. It soon disappeared, and when Pius IX., of holy memory, consulted the Catholic Episcopate as to the tradition of their Churches, the reply from every part of Christendom was unanimous. Catholics had received from their fathers the truth which they in their turn were faithfully handing-down to their children, that the Blessed Mother of God from the first moment of her existence, by a special privilege of God, through the Merits of her Son and Saviour, had been preserved immune from all taint of Original Sin. The way was now clear. To the great joy of all Catholics, it was solemnly defined in the Dogmatic Bull Ineffabilis that this is a Truth revealed by God—a truth which no man henceforth, now that the Church has spoken, may deny without thereby making shipwreck of the Faith that was once delivered to the Saints.

It should be clearly understood that Catholics do not hold that all revealed Truth is taught explicitly in Holy Scripture. It abundantly suffices that a truth of revelation be contained in the Divine Tradition. The same authority which taught Christians before a line of the New Testament was written, teaches Christians now. The Catholic Church bears, within her consciousness, a living memory of that which was committed to her keeping in the beginning. She has been built upon a rock, and is ever guided by the Holy Spirit, in accordance with the Promises of Christ. When therefore she teaches, she draws upon her divinely protected memory. This is involved in the idea of the Infallibility of the Church.

It is difficult to understand how any Christian can find intellectual difficulty in the fact of the Immaculate Conception of the Mother of our Lord. As Cardinal Newman has observed, the real difficulty lies, not in the Exception, but in the Law to which the Exception has been made.

" Many, many doctrines are far harder than the Immaculate Conception. The doctrine of Original Sin is indefinitely harder. Mary has not got this difficulty. Our teaching about Mary has just one difficulty less than our teaching about the state of mankind generally."

Granted the Law, the Exception is surely that which we should expect—we who believe that Christ is God and that Mary is His Mother. " It was fitting; it was possible; God accomplished it." This was the argument of the great Franciscan Duns Scotus in the Schools of Paris in the twelfth century. We know that this likelihood, arising from our idea of the Ineffable Sanctity of God and His nearness to Mary, corresponds with reality, for of this we are assured by the infallible teaching of His Church, which in our own day has afforded the certainty of Faith to the conviction of Saints and Doctors and Mystics, and of the simple Faithful of every land and of all the ages. Jesus and His Mother stand apart. Jesus sinless of His own Nature; His Mother sinless through His Grace and Goodness — the House of peerless beauty which Wisdom built for Himself to be His living Home.

I have thought it advisable in this chapter to dwell upon the Immaculate Conception of our Lady mainly from its theological aspect. It must, how ever, never be imagined that this Mystery possesses merely a theoretic or intellectual interest for Catholics. On the contrary, in an age of naturalism it floods the soul with supernatural light, forcing us to remember our own weakness as members of a fallen race, and insisting on God's abhorrence of sin. For, whilst " we have not a High Priest who cannot have compassion on our infirmities," yet "it was fitting" that He should be "separate from sinners." (Cf. Hebrews iv. 15 and vii. 26.) From His Mother he was never " separate." She was Immaculate from the first moment of her being. This is the wellspring of all her sanctity. Her foundations were laid on Mount Sion ; her first steps were in the beginning upon the everlasting hills; the Lord clothed her with His vesture that her path might be in security and her ways in peace. Thus does she stand without a peer, unique in her grace—incom parable. Of all creatures there is none beside her. Yet, from sinful men she is not aloof. Mary is the Mother appointed to undo Eve's work in our regard. For our sake is she thus graced and gifted, that she may give to us freely, with loving outstretched hands, that which she has so freely received from God. So does it come to pass, that as the sense of her unstained purity sinks deeper and deeper into our minds, we learn with ever-increasing confidence to seek the aid of God's Immaculate Mother in our longing to be cleansed from the stain of sin—that so we may ' be found by her side in the never-ending fight with evil. "O Mary," we cry to her, "O Mary, conceived without sin, pray for us poor sinners who have re course to thee." And indeed all experience bears witness to the untold value of prayer to Mary Immaculate, as a weapon given us by God, to be wielded in the warfare we all have to wage day by day within our own souls in the strength of the love of Christ our Lord.

Devotion to the Immaculate Mother of God spans ; and unites the Christian ages. I will set down here a prayer penned by Ephrem the Syrian. Some sixteen centuries have passed since first it was inspired by his confidence in the stainless Virgin's intercession. We share St. Ephrem's faith. If we will but pray as he has taught us, and the Church would have us, we need fear no foe. Like the Saints who have gone before us, we shall never ask our Lady's help in vain.

"But now we unite to praise thee, O pure and immaculate One, Blessed Virgin and sinless Mother of thy great Son and the God of all. O perfectly spotless and altogether holy, thou art the hope of despairing sinners. We bless thee as most full of grace, who didst give birth to Christ, God and Man. We all fall down before thee. We all invoke thee and implore thy help. Deliver us, O Virgin, holy and undefiled, from every pressing strait and from all temptations of the Evil One. Be thou our peacemaker in the hour of death and judgment. Do thou save us from the future unquenchable fire and from the exterior darkness. Do thou render us worthy of the Glory of thy Son, O Virgin and Mother most sweet and clement."

O ! clemens, O ! pia, O ! dulcis Virgo Maria.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 13

Grignon De Montfort
The hymns of St. Ephrem are full of this doctrine. The following are verses from his Hymn XVIII. In Commemoration of the Mother of God :

"The Adam from above appeared with all things that were of the former Adam and followed his steps, sin excepted. And for this reason was He called Adam by his herald Paul. . . .

"Mary is the garden upon which descended from the Father the rain of benedictions. From that rain she herself sprinkled the face of Adam. Whereupon he returned to life and arose from the sepulchre—he who had been buried by his foes in hell. . . .

"Sublime is the Mystery of the Virgin most pure, too great for all tongues to speak.

"Eve in Eden became guilty. Great was the handwriting of the debt, whereby her posterity were doomed to death. The Serpent, that perverse Scrivener, wrote it out, signed and gave it force with the seal of his fraud. . . .

"Eve it was that was found guilty of sin. But the debt was reserved for Mary, that so the daughter might pay her mother's debts and tear up the handwriting that had transmitted her groans to all generations.

"Since Mary was the Virgin Inviolate—prepared by Eden's blest region ere its lands were torn by furrows—there blossomed from her Bosom the Tree of Life which by its taste, that is by its Mercy, gives life to souls."

And again:

"Instead of the Serpent arose Gabriel, and instead of Eve, Mary the Virgin. . . .

"Eve became a debtor to God; she it was who gave ear to the Serpent's counsel. A child of one day, she despised the commandment, and therefore through a young Maiden, salvation was sent to the world.

"Gabriel by his words undid the speech that the execrable wanderer had held with the virgin Eve. Eve had written the debt in her handwriting and the Virgin paid the debt. . . .

"The daughter full of grace stood up in battle for her mother. Eve had fallen, Mary raised her up, and to the exiles was given hope of their reconciliation and return to Eden." (On the Annunciation of the Mother of God, Hymn II, verses 9-14.)

We find an echo of this tradition even in the Koran. Mr. Rodwell writes: "According to a tradition of Muhammed every newborn child is touched by Satan, (Cf. p. 12.) with the exception of Mary and her Son, between whom, and Satan, God ' interposed a veil.' These words of the Koran, therefore, with verse 37 of the same Sura [iii] :O Mary, verily God hath chosen thee, and hath purified thee and chosen thee above the women of the world,' seem to show that Muhammed had received the Christian Tradition of the Immaculate Conception of the Blessed Virgin." Gibbon, however, turns the facts round and suggests that " Christians borrowed this doctrine from the Koran." (Decline and Fall, Chapter I.) Belief in Mary's Immaculate Conception has remained living in the East—where Muhammed learned it—not only amongst Catholics, but also in separated heretical bodies where we might have expected that it would disappear; thus, it is to be found amongst the Eutychians, notwithstanding the fact, that their error commenced with the denial that Christ was of one substance, not with His Heavenly Father alone, but with his earthly Mother also, and amongst the Nestorians, whose specific heresy it is to deny to that Mother her title of Theotokos, that is Mother of God. 1 The Abyssinians, who are Eutychian in their Christological doctrine, to this day cherish a strange belief that the Blessed Virgin was created before the Fall, and was actually in the Garden of Eden, where our Lord made a compact with her about the salvation of the world. We have here, evidently, a corruption of the teaching of St. Irenaeus that Mary was Eve's advocate and undid her work. 2

The Holy Scriptures show us the idea of Mary emerging from the beginning, in the Mind of God, in the primeval prophecy.

" I will put enmities between thee and the woman, and thy seed and her seed " (Gen. iii. 15)—these are divine words concerning the Woman who was to defeat the enemy to whom her first mother had succumbed. That Woman of Victory and of Prophecy is our Lady. We cannot doubt it when we read that the enmities were to be, not only between herself and Satan, but also between her Seed and his seed. Her seed undoubtedly is the Redeemer—Mary's Son. Thus do we find, at the very opening of our Sacred Books, Jesus and Mary, the Son and His Mother, joined together in our Reparation, as our first parents were joined in our Fall. Blessed Grignon De Montfort observes that God, the Author of Peace, has only made one enmity—that between good and evil, between Mary and Satan, but this God-made enmity is everlasting. It reached from the beginning to the end. Here, then, in the Book of Genesis, is the Doctrine of the Immaculate Conception, not yet stated explicitly, but necessarily involved in the thought which is suggested. Eve was God's daughter, clothed in grace; therefore she once was Satan's foe. Seduced by her enemy, she fell away; the place from which she fell was to be filled by Mary. In order that this should be verified Mary, like Eve, must be Immaculate from the first moment of her existence.

1 The learned Dr. Gustavus Bickell, who first published the Carmina Misilena in 1866, from the Syriac MS. in the British Museum, quotes George Varda, the most celebrated hymnographer of the Nestorians, as thus giving their tradition : " Mary was sanctified in the very moment of her Conception. She alone was preserved from the universal deluge of sin, and remained dry and unmoistened as the fleece of Gideon."

2 See Article in Dublin Review for April, 1868, pp. 356-60 ; also Livius, The Blessed Virgin in the Fathers of the First Six Centuries, pp. 208-254.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 12


III. THE PATRIARCHATE OF ALEXANDRIA 

Tertullian, though an African, belonged to the Roman Patriarchate. For the Patriarchate of Alexandria let us turn to Origen. Towards the end of the second century Origen wrote as follows:

"Elisabeth prophesies before John, Mary prophesies before the Saviour's Birth. And as sin began from a woman and then came to man, so too, the beginning of salvation has its origin from a woman."

In another passage he puts these words into the mouth of Elisabeth:

"It behoved me to come to thee, for thou art blessed above all other women; thou art the Mother of my Lord : thou art my Lady who bearest the undoing of the curse."

In neither of these places does the great Alexandrian expressly call the Blessed Virgin the Second Eve. Unhappily his Homilies upon the Annunciation, where very probably he did so, have been lost. I think that these words very probably can be justified by the significant fact, that Origens disciple, St. Gregory Thaumaturgus, in the one authentic Homily still extant from his pen, has written as follows :

"Because the first Virgin Eve fell, seduced by Satan, Gabriel brought his message to the Virgin Mary, that the one Virgin might answer to the other, and birth might answer to birth. Deceived by flatteries Eve gave birth to words of death; Mary receiving the [Angel's] message gave birth to the Incarnate Word, the Word of Life. In con sequence of the words of Eve, Adam was driven from Paradise; the Word [that was born] of Mary revealed the Cross, by which the Thief entered into Adam's Paradise."

This primitive Tradition was handed down faithfully through the ages. We find it scattered through the writings of the Fathers. It was summed up with conciseness by St. Theodotus of Ancyra, when he wrote that God who formed the first virgin without reproach, Himself made the second Virgin also without fault or guilty. It had been expressed by St. Epiphanius speaking for Palestine, Egypt and Cyprus in the words : " Eve became the cause of death to Man, Mary the cause of life "; so that Cardinal Newman tells us that "the contrast between Eve and Mary had passed almost into a proverb " at the time when St. Jerome wrote: "Death by Eve, life by Mary."

This doctrine is expressed with much exuberance of language in the writings of St. Ephrem the Syrian in the first half of the fourth century. Thus we find him writing in the person of the Church of Edessa :

"Verily indeed Thou and Thy Mother are alone in being in every respect altogether beautiful. For in Thee, O Lord, there is no spot, nor is there any stain in Thy Mother."

And again:

" Those two innocent, those two simple ones, Mary and Eve, had been indeed quite equal the one to the other : but, afterwards, one became the cause of our death, the other of our life."

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 11


Now, this thought of the undoing of the disobedience and work of Eve by the obedience and work of Mary—the one having her share in the Reparation, as the other in the Fall of humanity— cannot have come independently to Justin in Asia, to Tertullian in Africa and to Irenaeus in Europe. Their confident teaching—they took it for granted as known generally amongst Christians—must have had a common source. We may infer, then, without hesitation that this source can only have been a Tradition inherited from the Apostles. This will hardly be questioned with respect to Justin and Tertullian when we remember who were their instructors in the Faith; in the case of Irenaeus there is absolutely no room for any doubt. We know that Irenaeus was instructed in his youth at Smyrna by Polycarp, who had himself been instructed by St. John the Evangelist; we know also, that later in life, Irenaeus had studied in Rome, where he tells us himself that St. Clement, the Bishop of Rome at the time, " had seen the Apostles and conferred with them, and had their preaching still ringing in his ears and their Tradition before his eyes, and not Clement alone, but many in that Church still survived, who had been taught by the Apostles."

St. Irenaeus, then, gives us not only the Asiatic, but also the Roman Tradition, not only the Tradition of the holy Apostle John, but also that of the holy Apostles Peter and Paul. It was from this source— the teaching of Peter, Paul and John—that Irenaeus learned that which he, in his turn, taught the Faithful in his Refutation of Heresies. But whence did Peter, Paul and John derive their teaching, save from that Deposit of Faith, from which St. Paul had drawn the doctrine of the Second Adam—from the Divine Revelation " made in the beginning to the Saints "?

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 10


II. THE PATRIARCHATE OF ROME Somewhat later, but still in the second century, Tertullian points the same contrast between Eve and Mary:

"It was whilst Eve was yet a virgin that the word crept in, which was the framer of death. Into a Virgin in like manner, must be introduced the Word of God who was the builder up of life, so that by the same sex, whence had come our ruin, might come also our recovery, to salvation. Eve had believed the serpent, Mary believed Gabriel. The fault which the one committed by believing, the other by believing blotted out." (De Carne Christi, 17.)

Before Tertullian penned those words in Africa, the same thought had found expression in the writings of St. Irenaeus, Bishop of Lyons, in Gaul.

"The knot of Eve's disobedience obtained its unloosing through the obedience of Mary; for that which Eve a virgin bound by her unbelief, Mary a Virgin unbound by her faith."

And again:

"As Eve was seduced by an angel's word to shun God after she had transgressed His Word, so Mary, also by an Angel's word, had the glad tidings given her, that she might bear God, obeying His Word. And if the former had disobeyed God, yet the latter was persuaded to obey God, that Mary the Virgin might come to the rescue of the virgin Eve. And as the human race was bound to death by means of a virgin, it is saved by means of a Virgin ; the poise of the balance being restored—a virgin's disobedience is saved by the obedience of a Virgin." (Haer v. 19)

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 9


It may be well to explain here that early in the second century there were already three Patriarchates in Christendom, each of them Petrine, that is, connected in a special manner with Blessed Peter, upon whom Christ built His Church. Rome, where the Prince of the Apostles died, the Patriarchate of the West (including Northern Africa) 1 ; Antioch, where he sat first as Bishop before he moved his Cathedra to Rome, the Patriarchate of Asia; and Alexandria, whither he sent his disciple Mark, the Patriarchate (speaking generally) of Africa.

The Christian literature belonging to the age immediately succeeding that of the Apostles, is very scanty. It is therefore remarkable that from these primitive times we have distinct testimony from each of the three great Patriarchates to the fact, that it was believed amongst Christians of those remote days, as explicitly as it is believed amongst Catholics to-day, that the Blessed Virgin holds the place of the Second Eve, repairing her mother's fault.

To establish the point, I will give short quotations from some very early Fathers. Of these St. Justin may represent the Patriarchate of Antioch, St. Irenaeus and Tertullian the Patriarchate of Rome, and Origen the Patriarchate of Alexandria.

I. THE PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH

St. Justin, called the Philosopher, was born A.D. 100. He was educated as a Pagan in Palestinian Syria, but in manhood, was instructed in the Christian Faith, by "an old man of venerable aspect " who was previously unknown to him. His two " Apologies " for Christianity will always remain classics. In one of them occur the following words :

" We know that the Son of God, . . . through means of the Virgin, became Man, so that the dis obedience due to the serpent, might have its undoing after the same fashion that it had its beginning. For whereas Eve, yet a virgin and undented, through conceiving the word that came from the serpent, brought forth disobedience and death—Mary the Virgin, possessed of faith and joy, when the Angel told her the good tidings . . . answered : Be it done unto me according to thy word." (Tryph. 100.)



The successor of St. Peter is, qua tails, Head of the Universal Church. He is also Patriarch of the West and Bishop of Rome. Romans alone belong to his diocese ; Latins alone belong to his Patriarchate; all Catholics, whether other Patriarchs and Bishops or simple Christians, are subject to his spiritual jurisdiction as Vicar of Christ throughout the world.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 8


As Woman was " in the Transgression," so was it decreed that Woman should be in the Reparation. " I will put enmities between thee and the Woman " was the divine decree in the beginning. Accordingly, when Gabriel saluted Mary, it was as one who had been already filled with grace—Ave gratia plena. (Luke i. 28.) Catholics, then, believe that Mary was full of grace from the outset of her life. The privilege bestowed upon our first mother in the natural order was not denied to her who was the Mother of our Redeemer, and in Him the mother of all the redeemed. (cf. pp. 76-77) There was, however, a difference. Mary, as a daughter of Adam, would, unlike Eve yet unfallen, but like all Adam's children, have been born without the gift of sanctifying grace, had it not been for the bounty of the Redeemer. The grace of her Immaculate Conception was bestowed upon Mary Immaculate—so the Church expressly teaches—

"through the foreseen Merits of Christ." (Bull Ineffabilis, defining the Immaculate Conception of our Lady.) She who is called the Co-redemptrix is also the First of the redeemed. Redeemed, not with the rest of us, by grace bestowed after our coming into being, but by a more excellent way—the way of prevention. Amongst all the children of Adam, pre-eminent, sinless, solitary in her transcendent vocation, Mary could still say that her soul rejoiced in God her Saviour.

It may be well to observe here that in the case of every child save the Divine Child Jesus, the body is transmitted, by the action of natural laws established by God, through its parents (this is called the active conception of the child) ; whereas each soul is infused directly by God (this is called the passive conception). There is no question amongst Catholics concerning the active conception of our Lady. She was born as other children. Her Immaculate Conception relates only to the grace bestowed by God upon her soul.

In the famous letter (clxxiv.) in which St. Bernard blamed the Canons of Lyons for establishing in their church a Feast of the Conception of our Lady " without the authority of the Apostolic See," it is clear that he had the active conception only before his mind. " I say that she was at once Mother and Virgin, but not that she was born of a virgin. Otherwise where will be the prerogative of the Mother of the Lord, to have united in her person the glory of maternity and that of virginity, if you give the same honour to her mother also ?"

From what has been said so far, it will be seen that the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of our Lady—the doctrine, that is, which teaches us that the most Blessed Virgin Mary was, in the first moment of her conception, preserved by a unique privilege of God, free from all stain due to the sin of our common origin—is a necessary consequence of the truth, that she holds the place in the economy of our redemption which was held by our first mother in the story of our fall. Were it otherwise, Mary could not rightly be called the Second Eve. But that she is, in fact, the Second Eve, was taught without hesitation from the beginning of Christianity and all over the Christian world.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 7


CHAPTER II MARY CONCEIVED WITHOUT SIN

"Our second Eve puts on her mortal shroud,
Earth breeds a heaven for God's new dwelling-place; 
Now riseth up Elias' little cloud,
That growing, shall distil the shower of grace; 
Her being now begins, who, ere she end,
Shall bring the good, that shall our evil mend. 
Four only wights bred without fault are named,
And all the rest conceived were in sin; 
Without both man and wife was Adam framed ;
Of man, but not of wife, did Eve begin; 
Wife without touch of man Christ's Mother was ;
Of man and wife this babe was bred in grace."

VEN. FATHER SOUTHWELL, SJ.

A FUNDAMENTAL truth of the Christian Revelation —the fact that in Adam we all have sinned (Cf. Romans v. 12. 23) — is to many minds most difficult of apprehension. In theological language this truth is designated the Doctrine of "Original Sin."

By Original Sin is meant not a personal sin (not, that is, a personal breach of a Divine Commandment), but the sin of another—the sin of our first

Father, the Head of our race—who sinned in the beginning of human history. This sin robbed us of supernatural endowments which otherwise would have been ours from the first moment of existence. It has thus wounded us all at the very fount of life.

That this truth is fundamental, becomes clear, when we reflect on its intimate connexion with Redemption :

O felix culpa quas talem et tantum meruit habere Redemptorem. (Blessing of the Paschal Candle.)

Had not sin been committed by the First Adam, there would have been no need for Redemption by the Second Adam ; nor would it have been true that where sin abounded, there should grace much more abound. (Romans v. 20.) It will, however, hardly be denied that this fundamental truth presents considerable difficulty to the intellect of man. To what is known as "the Modern Mind," the fact of Original Sin is peculiarly obnoxious. "How," it is asked, ''can I be called upon to believe that a sin committed in the Garden of Eden, before men knew how to read or write, can possibly have an influence upon children still unborn ?"

Yet, this truth is not merely an essential part or the Christian Faith, but also is in harmony with several postulates of modern scientific thought. For instance, it reminds us of the great principle of human solidarity which lays it down as axiomatic, that not one of us is independent of the rest. It impresses upon us in a striking manner the great principle of heredity—that a man's acts do not die with him, but overflow in their consequences upon his descendants after him. The sins of the fathers —this at least is indisputable—are often visited, even visibly, upon their children.

Again, all experience makes us suspect that, far back in the story of our race, there was some great cataclysm or disaster in the ethical order which, in its consequences, affects us at the present hour. How else adequately explain either the moral disorder all around us, or the moral disorder within our own hearts ? The constant struggle between good and evil—the lusting of the flesh against the spirit, the indignation of the spirit against the flesh, the war in our members of which the Apostle writes, reminds us day by day that our nature is mysteriously out of gear.

"Video meliora proboque, Deteriora sequor."

Such was the testimony of the Pagan poet of old— " I see the higher path, my soul approves it, alas too oft to tread the lower"—a testimony that must be sadly echoed by us all. How account for this monstrous conflict save by recognising that there is something amiss with us—a disorder for which, if we be Christians, we know that our religion provides a remedy ? " Who shall deliver us from the body of this death ?" We have not here a question to which no answer may be found. The old answer still suffices: " The grace of God by Christ Jesus our Lord." (Romans vii. 25.) By such considerations as these we are prepared to accept the doctrine of the Fall of man in Adam together with its corollary—man's Recovery in Jesus Christ.

Let me state this doctrine. Catholics believe that the Creator bestowed upon our first parents— the first Adam and the first Eve—a gift that is gratuitous—that is, which was in no way necessary to the perfection of human nature as such. This gift is called χάρις in Greek, gratia in Latin. We call it grace. To distinguish it from the actual graces bestowed freely upon us all during the course of our lives, it is known as Habitual Grace; from its consequences it is termed Sanctifying Grace, since it bestows sanctity upon the soul.

By this gift, not only Adam and Eve, but also their descendants, were raised to the supernatural order, and closely united to their Creator, having received a nature in perfect harmony with itself— their senses obedient to their reason, their reason subject to God. Had they preserved this gift they would have passed from the time of probation in their Paradise on Earth, to perfect happiness in the Beatific Vision of God for Eternity. Then there supervened the Fall. "By one man sin entered into the world, and by sin death." (Romans v. 12.) Adam s children were born bereft of divine grace which he had cast away. They belonged to a race tainted at its source. Man's condition now resembled that of the wayfarer on the road to Jericho who fell amongst thieves. Our nature was wounded in such manner, that a darkness of the understanding, and a rebellion of the senses fell upon us all. To be born in Original Sin was to be the common lot of man.

Catholics know that to this Law there is an exception. Mary is the Second Eve. Even as Adam is a figure of the Second Adam who was to come," (Id. 14.) so is Eve a figure of the woman who should undo Eve's work—standing by the side of the world's Redeemer, co operating in the restoration of mankind. As such, and as the Mother of the Incarnate Saviour, in the first instant of her creation Mary was habited in the grace of God as in a vesture of priceless gold.

Through the Merits of Christ, countless multitudes were to recover the divine grace, lost by sin—some regenerated in Baptism, others at the moment when they should turn their hearts to their Creator by an act of perfect love, and thus be united to His Divine Will. " If any man will love Me," promises our Blessed Lord, " My Father and I will come to him and abide with him." By a special privilege Mary was to receive this great gift of divine grace, not as the rest of men, after her creation, but in the first instant of her being. This is what we understand by the doctrine of the Immaculate Conception of our Blessed Lady. On the one hand it is something negative, involving complete immunity from the stain of Original Sin ; on the other hand it is something positive, carrying with it the fulness of grace. Mary received no lower gift than did her mother Eve, whose sin, beneath the Tree of Temptation, she should undo, for the world's healing, beneath the Rood of Calvary.

When we turn to the scriptural account of the Fall of man we shall observe how intimately our first mother is bound up with the inspired operation narrative. The sin that called for the dread punishment was the sin of Adam. With that sin, the sin of Eve was intimately connected. In this fashion Woman co-operated with the sin of Man. " The woman whom Thou gavest me led me into sin." Such was our first father's excuse. It was an unworthy plea, but it was true. " And Adam was not deceived," writes the Apostle. Adam sinned with eyes wide open. " But the woman, having been deceived, was in the transgression. Notwithstanding, she shall be saved by the Childbearing." (i Tim. ii. 13, 14.) The first Eve, listening to the Angel of Deceit, by disobedience, prepared the way for the fall of man; it was, therefore, fitting that the second Eve, giving heed to the Angel of Truth, should, by obedience, prepare the way for Redemption. "Behold the Handmaid of the Lord, be it done unto me according to Thy word." Mary by her Ave of submission reversed the revolt of her mother Eva.

Sumens illud Ave
Gabrielis ore 
Mutans Evae nomen.

To quote our glorious English martyr, Father Southwell:

"Spell Eva back, and Ave shall you find ; 
The first began, the last reversed our harms ; 
An Angel's witching words did Eva blind, 
An Angel's Ave disenchants the charms. 
Death first by Woman's weakness entered in, 
In Woman's virtue Life doth now begin." (The Virgin's Salutation.)

Divine Mercy: 1746 For love of us You take on flesh From the immaculate Virgin, ever untouched by sin,


Because You have willed it so from all ages. The Blessed Virgin, that Snow-White Lily, Is first to praise the omnipotence of Your mercy. Her pure heart opens with love for the coming of the Word; She believes the words of God‟s messenger and is confirmed in trust. 382 Heaven is astounded that God has become man, That there is on earth a heart worthy of God Himself. Why is it that You do not unite Yourself with a Seraph, but with a sinner, O Lord? Oh, because, despite the purity of the virginal womb,this is a mystery of Your mercy. O mystery of God's mercy, O God of compassion, That You have deigned to leave the heavenly throne And to stoop down to our misery, to human weakness, For it is not the angels, but man who needs mercy. To give worthy praise to the Lord's mercy, We unite ourselves with Your Immaculate Mother, (107) For then our hymn will be more pleasing to You, Because She is chosen from among men and angels. Through Her, as through a pure crystal, Your mercy was passed on to us.Through Her, man became pleasing to God; Through Her, streams of grace flowed down upon us. + God's Infinite Goodness in Redeeming Man. 1747 God, You could have saved thousand of worlds with one word; a single sigh from Jesus would have satisfied Your justice. But You Yourself, Jesus, purely out of love for us, underwent such a terrible Passion. Your Father's justice would have been propitiated with a single sigh from You, and all Your self-abasement is solely the work of Your mercy and Your inconceivable love. On leaving the earth, O Lord, You wanted to stay with us, and so You left us Yourself in the Sacrament of the Altar, and You opened wide Your mercy to us. There is no misery that (108) could exhaust You; You have called us all to this fountain of love, to this spring of God‟s compassion. Here is the tabernacle of Your mercy, here is the remedy for all our ills. To You, O living spring of mercy, all souls are drawn; some like deer, thirsting for Your love, others to wash the wound of their sins, and still others, exhausted by life, to draw strength. At the moment of Your death on the Cross, You bestowed upon us eternal life; allowing Your most holy side to be opened, You opened an inexhaustible spring of mercy for us, giving us Your dearest possession, the Blood and Water from Your Heart. Such is the omnipotence of Your mercy. From it all grace flows to us.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 6


After the death of St. Joseph, our Lady was necessarily much alone. It would seem that some of her relations, for example "the brothers and sisters" of our Lord—almost certainly the children of her cousin Mary of Cleophas (Cf. Matt. xiii. 55 with Matt, xxvii. 56 and Mark xv. 40.) —were not seldom in her company; it was, however, made clear that there was no close tie between them, when Christ from the Cross committed His Mother to the filial care not of any relative, but of the Disciple whom He loved.

After the Crucifixion, Resurrection, and Ascension of Christ, the same obscurity exists concerning the life of our Blessed Lady. She was present with the Apostles and other Disciples during the Nine Days' prayer that preceded the outpouring of the Holy Spirit on the Feast of Pentecost. After the first Whit Sunday, all that we know of Mary, is that she made her home with St. John. Ephesus and Jerusalem dispute the honour of being the place of her death It is, however, almost certain that our Lady died in the holy city and was buried outside its walls.

Supporters of the opinion that the Blessed Virgin died at Ephesus have quoted a sentence from the letter written in A.D. 431 by the Fathers of the Third General Council to the clergy and faithful of Constantinople. This passage begins as follows: "Nestorius came to the city of Ephesus, in which St. John and the Holy Mother of God ..." That which follows has been lost. It is quite gratuitous to suppose that it ran died, or are buried. Very probably the lost words were: once dwelt. It is generally thought that St. John conducted the Mother of God, for safety's sake, to Ephesus during the persecution that so soon broke out in Judaea against Christians, in which St. Peter was imprisoned and St. James endured martyrdom. That persecution once over, our Lady would naturally have wished to return to Jerusalem, where her Son had suffered and died.

On the other hand, the evidence for the Jerusalem Tradition is very strong. It had long been in possession when first challenged by the claim of Ephesus. The ancient Liturgies all bear witness to its truth. St. Andrew of Crete had weighty authorities behind him when he wrote that our Lady died on Mount Sion, that shortly after her death her holy body was removed by the Apostles to Gethsemane, and placed in a sepulchre situated in the Valley of Josaphat. (Hom, de Dormit. B.V.M., II.) As a consequence of the siege of Jerusalem by Titus, Mary's Tomb was buried beneath the ruins of the city. St. John Damascene, however, writes that in the fifth century Juvenal, then Bishop of Jerusalem, who was at Constantinople on occasion of the Council of Chalcedon, informed the Empress Pulcheria that Mary's sepulchre had been discovered, but that, after an ancient and trustworthy tradition, when the Apostles had opened it the third day after her burial, they found nothing within but the grave clothes, the holy body of the Virgin having already been assumed into Heaven. (St. John Damasc., Hom II., 18. In Dormit B.V.M., P.G., Tom. 96, pp. 747-752. For the Assumption cf. pp. 274-292.)

The traditional site of our Lady's death on Mount Sion is occupied by a church in the possession of Catholics; that of her sepulchre is in the hands of schismatic Greeks.

For the first fifteen years of her life, Mary was being prepared by God for the coming of Christ as her Son. The next thirty years she passed, almost uninterruptedly, in His company, by His side at Bethlehem, in Egypt and at Nazareth. There followed the three years of partial, but not complete, separation during the Public Ministry. According to an opinion mentioned by Father Faber the Blessed Virgin lived another fifteen years after the Ascension. This would give her thirty years in all spent apart from the visible Presence of Christ, to match the thirty years during which Jesus and Mary dwelt under the same roof, and would make her sixty-three years of age at the date of her death. But it is necessary to say plainly that on this subject there is no kind of certainty.

We know only that God detained Mary Most Holy in the land of her exile, after His own departure into Heaven, not only for her yet greater sanctification, but also that she might minister to the needs of the Church still in its infancy. As the pre-elected Mother had cared for Jesus in His weakness when a Babe, so did she watch lovingly over His Mystical Body during its first years of special struggle and difficulty. Our Blessed Lady lived her wondrous life of heavenly contemplation, nourished day by day on the Bread that cometh down from Heaven—yet not for herself did she live, but for Jesus Christ and for the good of redeemed humanity. The Apostles' Queen, the oracle of the Evangelists, the glory of the Priesthood and the inspiration of all Christian virgins, was the comforter of the widows and the afflicted, the refuge of the poor and needy, the support of the tempted, the courage of the Martyrs and of all who were called upon to endure hardship for the Name of her Son. The knowledge that the Mother of God still lived amongst men was, as it were, a fragrant Sacrament—the outward and visible sign of the ineffable Grace that had been conferred upon the world. At length—so soon as the tale of her merits had been completed, and the needs of the Church made it possible, her Divine Son called His Mother to Himself, and Mary dwelt no longer upon the earth.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 5

Theotokos icon by Katarzyny Kobyszewskiej
By the public espousals of our Lady with St. Joseph, the way was smoothed for the Incarnation. From the moment that the Blessed Virgin became the Mother of our Lord Jesus Christ, her life was merged in that of her Divine Son. For Him she lived and moved and had her being. First there was the wondrous Mystery of the Expectation. Mary waited for nine months until she should see the Human Features of her Creator, who was also her Child. At length Jesus was born at Bethlehem. To His Mother it belonged to minister to the needs of His Infancy. With Him and Joseph she journeyed to Egypt, with Him and Joseph she returned. At Nazareth the Holy Family lived together for eighteen years, Joseph working at his trade, Mary devoting herself to the work of the house. Of Jesus all that we are told is that He was " subject " to them— that is to say, He helped His foster-Father and His Mother, doing their bidding.

The thought of God submitting Himself to earthly conditions has filled the Saints with awe. The sight of the Word Incarnate in the House of Nazareth, employed silently in manual labour, is an epitome of the Divine Condescension, such as to compel all reflecting Christians to wondering adoration. Our Lord came to set us a perfect example. From the age of twelve to that of thirty His example was an exhibition of submission —even of subjection—of work—of the Hidden Life. But after all has been said, the chief Mystery in the Humiliation of the Eternal Word is the central fact that He became Man. When we have once grasped this, everything else is seen to be of minor importance. If He shrouded His glory and took the form of Man, it is a secondary (though a very wonderful) consideration that He took the form of a slave. The condition of the imperial Caesar is as immeasurably beneath the Majesty of God, as is the condition of a helot—for in both cases the distance is infinite. Both the Caesar and the helot are creatures. The Lord Christ is the Creator. No earthly trappings can conceivably confer upon Him any adventitious dignity. In the case of His Mother the case is altogether different. Like the Caesar and the helot, she is a creature. But she is the Mother of God, and as such is throned in the Kingdom of her Son, high above all creation.

At first sight, therefore, we might certainly have anticipated that much state and dignity would have been allotted to God's great Mother during some portion, at least, of her life upon the earth. How different was the reality, as arranged by the Providence of God. We find Mary in her poor dwelling discharging such homely duties as sweeping the floor, washing the linen, cooking the food, going to and fro to the well with a pitcher on her head—as those who have visited the East have so often watched the women of the people at the present day, fetching water for the daily needs of their household—engaged in that kind of work which we, in face of the example set by Jesus, Mary and Joseph, venture to call menial. Mary's hands were doubtless reddened and hardened by toil, she was often weary and overworked; hers were the anxieties of a working man's wife. This is all that we know of our Lady's life at Nazareth. Surely it is enough. We see how mistaken were those first anticipations as to earthly glory being conferred on the Mother of Christ; thus early are we taught the great lesson that the Holy Mother of God must share in all things, so far as a creature might, the humiliations, the obscurity, the hardships, the poverty, the contempt that were heaped upon her Son. Where suffering was concerned, in no way could she stand apart from Him. With His Public Life it was very different. We shall find her at Cana where Jesus worked His first miracle. But she was present at no other miracle of Christ, nor during His discourses, nor at His Triumph on the first Palm Sunday. The reason for this, so far as we may hope to understand it, we shall consider later.  For the moment we are concerned only with the fact.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 4


That our Blessed Lady made a vow of Virginity is not a matter of Faith. But neither is it a matter of controversy amongst Catholics. (Cf. Suarez, iii., p. 9; xxviii., Art. iv.) It is a subject on which all Catholics are agreed. St. Augustine writes that on any other supposition it would be impossible to explain her answer to the Angel:

" ' How,' she said, 'shall this be done because I know not man ?' For she surely would not have spoken thus, unless she had already vowed herself as a virgin to God. But because the customs of the Israelites were as yet opposed to this, she was espoused to a just man who, far from seeking violently to take away, would on the contrary most jealously guard against all who would violate it, that which she had already vowed." (De Sancta Virgin, iv. Cf. Serm. 291, v. 4, 6 ; 287, 4 ; 293, i,)

Pope Benedict XIV. holds that the Blessed Virgin made her vow whilst still dwelling within the Temple; St. Thomas Aquinas, however, thinks it probable that the vow was made after her marriage, in conjunction with a vow to the same effect made by St. Joseph, but certainly before the Annunciation.

Tradition tells us that our Lady was fifteen years of age when she was espoused to Joseph—a humble artizan, who belonged to the tribe of judah, and the race of David. The Fathers of the Church insist upon the reasons of prudence which made it necessary for the Most Holy Mother of God not only to be espoused, but also to be joined, in virgin marriage, with a man chosen by God as the guardian of her virginity as well as of her good name before the world.

Thus, St. Augustine writes :

" Mary had made a fixed purpose of virginity, and her husband, so far from detracting from her chastity, was its guardian. Or rather, since God was its guardian, her husband was a witness to her virginal purity—lest she might have been thought to have conceived through sin." (Serm. ccxxv. 2.)

And again:

"The Virgin was espoused, that Joseph might himself take care of the Infant, whether going to Egypt, or returning thence." (Ap. Morales, ii. i.)

Origen gives yet another reason :

"Hence it has been admirably said, as I have found in the Epistle of a certain martyr, I mean Ignatius, the second Bishop of Antioch after Peter, who in the persecution fought with beasts at Rome: The Virginity of Mary was hidden from the Prince of this world. It was hidden in consequence of Joseph. It was hidden by reason of the nuptials. It was hidden because she was supposed to have a husband. . . . Look too in another Scripture, and you will find that it was Christ's will that the Devil should know not of the coming of the Son of God. For the Apostle when affirming that the Powers of wickedness were ignorant of His Passion says : ' We speak wisdom among "the Perfect." But not the wisdom of this world; nor of the princes of this world who come to nought: but we speak the Wisdom of God hidden in Mystery, which none of the princes of this world knew. For, if they had known it, they would never have crucified the Lord of Glory. Hence the Mystery of the Saviour was hidden from the princes of this world ... so much as to why Mary had a spouse." (In Luc. Hom. vi.)

Origen here writes because " she was supposed to have a husband." Catholics understand the sense in which these words may be rightly used; yet we must always remember that there was a real marriage between Mary and Joseph, and that therefore in a real and true sense Joseph is called the husband of Mary. St. Augustine reminds his readers that:

" All good things pertaining to marriage were found in that of Christ's Parents, offspring, fidelity, and a sacrament." (De Nuptiis et Concupiscentia, LI. xxi.)

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 3

Presentation of the Blessed Virgin as a child in the Temple - Limbourg Brothers, Miniature from Les Très Riches Heures du duc de Berry, c. 1415.
There is, however, one fact in our Lady's early life of which, though it is not recorded in the authentic Gospels, we may be certain, since it is commemorated in the Church's Liturgy.

The Festival of the Presentation of the Blessed Virgin as a child in the Temple—of comparatively recent introduction in the West—was observed from a very early age throughout the Christian East. The ancient tradition tells us that Joachim and Anne introduced Mary at the age of three to the Temple and left her there to be dedicated in a special manner to the Lord.

I will translate the short passage from St. John Damascene read at Matins on the Feast:

"Joachim was united in matrimony to the chosen Anne, a woman worthy of the highest praise. Now, even as Anna of the Old Testament, when she was stricken with barrenness, gave birth to Samuel as the fruit of Prayer and Promise, in like manner the second Anna received from God the Mother of God promised to her entreaties, so that in fruitfulness she had not to yield to any of the illustrious matrons who had gone before her. Thus Grace (for this is the meaning of the word Anna) is mother of the Lady (for this is the signification of the name of Mary), who in truth was made the Lady over all created things when she became the Mother of the Creator.

"The Holy Virgin first saw the light in Joachim's house hard by the Probatica (in domo probaticae Joachim) [ Cf. P . 3.] and was brought to the Temple. There, having been planted in the House of God, and nourished by the Spirit, she was made like a fruitful olive-tree, the dwelling place of all virtues—as one who had withdrawn her mind from every desire of this life and of the flesh, and had thus preserved virginity both of soul and body—as beseemed her who was to receive God in her womb." (De Fide Orthodoxa, iv. 15.)

On this subject St. Gregory of Nyssa writes:

"As soon as Mary was grown to be a little maid who no longer needed her mother's breast, holy Anne, taking her to the Temple, restored her to God." (Orat. in Nat. D. N. J. C.)

And St. Theodotus of Ancyra:

"A Virgin was chosen who, when yet unborn, was consecrated to God her Maker, and, when born, was offered up as the memorial of a grateful heart to abide in His sanctuary and Temple." (Hom. vi. ii in S. Deiparam et in Nativit. Dom.)

The learned Suarez proves that there was a place in the Temple at Jerusalem wherein maidens, consecrated to God, dwelt apart, and that in this house of virgins our Lady lived until her espousals to St. Joseph. (Pars iii. 2, 29, Art 2, Disp. 7.)

St. Ephrem expresses the tradition which he had received on this subject in Syria when he puts the following words into the mouth of the Blessed Virgin:

"Whilst I was yet a little child, the priests of the people brought me up in the holy Temple ; when I became a young girl they espoused me to the just Joseph." (Hymns on the B.V.M. xvi. 7 ; Lamy, vol. ii. p. 640.)

Both the Apocryphal Gospels and the Koran bear witness to the tradition of the Presentation in the Temple. With regard to the Apocryphal Gospels, it should be borne in mind that, though we should be careful not to accept any statement on the sole authority of these books (often tainted as heretical in their source), still, there is no doubt that in some respects they bear trustworthy witness to the Christian Tradition. Mr. Rodwell thinks that Muhammed had no direct access to these "Gospels," but derived the following passage in the Koran from " the ordinary traditions of South Syria " at the time (The Koran (Everyman's Library Edition), p. 389, Note i.) :

" Remember when the wife of Imram said: ' O my Lord ! I vow to Thee what is in my womb for Thy special service. Accept it from me, for Thou Hearest, Knowest.' And when she had given birth to it, she said : ' O ! my Lord, verily I have brought forth a female.' (God knew what she had brought forth; a male is not as a female.) (That is, a female child could not become a priest (Id. Note 2).) 'And I have named her Mary, and I take refuge with Thee for her and for her Offspring, from Satan the stoned.' (According to the Mohammedan tradition, Abraham drove Satan away with stones.) So with goodly acceptance did her Lord accept her and with goodly growth did He make her grow. Zacharias reared her [this was an old tradition]. So oft as Zacharias went in to Mary at the sanctuary, he found her supplied with food.

 (No importance should be attached to the story of our
Lady being fed miraculously by angels in the Temple, which
is to be found in the Apocryphal Gospels. I only quote it
here because it seems interesting to find it also in the Koran.)

 O Mary,' said he,  whence hast thou this?' She said: 'It is from God, for God supplieth whom He will, without reckoning.'" (2 Sura iii. The Family of Imram, 31-33.)

The holy child Mary, during her stay in the Temple, no doubt devoted herself, together with the other maidens who were her companions within its precincts, to such occupations as the making of tapestry and spinning, (In the Middle Ages the weavers claimed the right to place themselves and their craft in a special manner under the protection of our
Lady, in memory of her occupations, whilst living in the Temple.) the study of the Holy Scriptures of the Old Covenant, and prayer.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 2


An ancient writer, whose works are to be found amongst those of St. Epiphanius, writes as follows:

"From the root of Jesse sprung King David and from the family of King David the holy Virgin— holy I say and the daughter of holy men. Her parents were Joachim and Anne, who pleased God in their life, and bore fruit also pleasing to Him— even the holy Virgin Mary, at once the Temple and the Mother of God. These three, moreover, Joachim, Anne and Mary, offered to the Trinity a sacrifice of praise. For Joachim is interpreted the Preparation of the Lord, since it was from him that the Temple of the Lord was prepared, even the Virgin. Anne is interpreted Grace, because Joachim and Anne received grace, after having prayed, to bear such fruit, by obtaining the holy Virgin. For whilst Joachim prayed on the mountain, Anne prayed in her garden. Anne then conceived and gave birth to Heaven and the Throne of the Cherubim, the holy child Mary. For she will be found to be Heaven, a Temple and a Throne, since she, whose name of Mary we are wont to interpret Lady and also Hope, gave birth to the Lord—who is the Hope of the whole world—that is, to Christ. Again, this Name of Mary is interpreted Myrrh of the Sea. By myrrh may be understood—and this is my opinion—immortality, since she was to bring forth the immortal Pearl in the sea—that is, in the world. Moreover, the Virgin brought serenity and calm to the sea, that is to the whole world, by giving birth to Christ, who is a Haven of rest. The Blessed Name of the Glorious Virgin Mary is also interpreted, She who is full of light, since she was illumined by the Son of God and has enlightened all who believe in the Trinity, even to the ends of the earth." (Oratio v. In laudes S. M. Deiparae inter opp. S. Epiphanii.)

And St. Peter Chrysologus :

" The Angel treats with Mary about man's salvation, because an Angel had treated with Eve about his ruin. ... 'Fear not, Mary. 1 Before the mystery is accomplished, the Virgin's dignity is announced by her Name. For Miriam in the Hebrew tongue, in Latin is Domina or Lady. The Angel, therefore, calls her Lady, that all trepidation of servitude may leave the Mother of the Lord." (Serm. cxlii. De Annuntiatione B.V.M.)

On the words of the Gospel, " The Virgin's Name was Mary," St. Bernard writes as follows :

" Let me speak a few words upon this Name, which, being interpreted, means Star of the Sea, and marvellously fits the Maiden-Mother. For most fitly may she be likened unto a star. A star sends forth its ray without any harm to itself; and the Virgin brought forth her Son without any hurt to her virginity. Neither does the ray lessen the brightness of the stars, nor does her Son lessen the inviolateness of the Virgin. She, then, was that noble Star, which has risen out of Jacob, whose ray enlightened the whole world, whose glory both shines in the heavens and reaches to those that dwell below, for it sheds its light throughout all lands, and, giving warmth to the mind rather than to the body, nourishes virtues and destroys vices. She, I say, is the most illustrious and splendid Star, raised over the vast deeps of the mighty ocean, shining by her merits, guiding us by her example. O thou, whoever thou art, that knowest thyself to be here below not so much walking upon firm ground, as tossed to and fro by the gales and storms of this life's ocean, if thou wouldest not be overwhelmed by the tempest, keep thine eyes fixed upon this Star's clear shining. Should the winds of temptation assail thee, shouldst thou encounter the rocks of tribulations, look upon the Star, call upon Mary." (Homilia ii. 17, super Missus est.)

The Virgin, then, received the Blessed Name of Mary.

In considering the external life of our Lady we must be reconciled to the fact that we  know very little of its tenor. For the most part it is hidden from our view.

This is true also of the Life of our Lord Himself. At first sight we shall, perhaps, be astonished to see how few are the details of the Life of And of our Lord Jesus Christ recorded in the Gospels. Apart Christ. from what we are told of His preaching, of His parables, of His public miracles, the events— so to speak—in the Redeemer's sojourn upon the earth can be mentioned in a few lines. He was born at Bethlehem, was circumcised and presented in the Temple, fled into Egypt, returned to Palestine, disputed with the Doctors in Jerusalem, lived at Nazareth subject to Mary and Joseph, engaged in the Public Ministry, ate the Passover for the last time with His Apostles, instituted the Holy Eucharist, was betrayed, suffered the ignominies of His Passion and died. During forty days He appeared in His Risen Body on various occasions to His Apostles, " speaking to them of the Kingdom of God." He committed His sheep and lambs to the pastoral care of Blessed Peter. He ascended into Heaven. How extraordinarily little it appears in bulk !

Of set purpose, then, our minds should be concentrated, when we think of the lives of Jesus and Mary, not so much on their outward circumstances, as on the lessons which they inculcate, and the supernatural Mysteries which they enshrine. This is suggested to us by the reserve of the Evangelists. It has been written for our instruction that the beauty of the King's daughter is within. Of Mary's life it is pre-eminently true that it was hidden with Christ in God.

We shall be wise, therefore, if, as a general rule, we confine ourselves to the few facts that have been told us expressly in Holy Scripture concerning the lives of our Lord and His Blessed Mother, without desiring to wander further afield. Above all, we should be on our guard against attaching any importance to the fanciful, and often grotesque, details to be found in much profusion in the Apocryphal Gospels.

The Mother Of Christ by Father Vassall-Phillips Part 1

CHAPTER I
Giotto - Scrovegni The Birth of the Virgin
MARY'S LIFE ON EARTH

MARY'S SONG

While I was yet a little one
I pleased the Lord of Grace ; 
And in His holy sanctuary
He granted me a place. 
There, sheltered by His tender care,
And by His love inspired, 
I strove in all things to fulfil
Whatever He desired. 
I wholly gave myself to Him,
To be for ever His ; 
I meditated on His Law
And ancient Promises; 
And oft at my embroidery,
Musing upon the Maid Of whom Messias should be born-
Thus in my heart I prayed : 
"Permit me, Lord, one day to see
That Virgin ever dear, 
Predestinated in the Courts
Of Sion to appear. 
Oh, blest estate, if but I might 
Among her handmaids be

Our Lady's Birth

But such a favour, O my God,
Is far too high for me."
Thus unto God I poured my prayer,
And He that prayer fulfilled,
Not as my poverty had hoped,
But as His bounty willed.
Erewhile, a trembling child of dust,
Now, robed in heavenly rays,
I reign the Mother of my God
Through sempiternal days :
To me the nations of the world
Their grateful tribute bring ;
To me the powers of darkness bend ;
To me the Angels sing !

AT the birth of Mary of Nazareth the Angels of God Our Lady's sang in jubilee. Redemption was nigh at Birth. hand for the children of men, long lost and gone astray, but entrusted still to the Angels' keeping.

The holy Angels sang rejoicing. Their Queen—the Maiden chosen from Eternity that she might minister to the Human Nature of their Lord and King—was upon the earth. Soon, they will surround His Cradle too, heralding the good tidings of Salvation, adoring Mary's Son.

" Of none of the Angels layeth He hold at any time, but of the seed of Abraham He layeth hold. And when He bringeth His First-begotten into the world He saith: Let all the Angels of God adore Him." (1 Heb. ii. 16; i. 6.)

In these words we may find the supreme cause of joy both for Angels and for men; the beginning of this joy was the Nativity of our Blessed Lady.

According to the Little Bollandists, the Holy Mother of God was born amidst the mountains of Judaea; others think that her birth took place at Nazareth, her future home, not far from Mount Carmel. By far the most probable opinion, how ever, is that of St. John Damascene, who spent a great deal of his life in the Laura (or Monastery) of St. Saba, not many hours' distant from the Holy City, and is an excellent witness to the Christian traditions of Jerusalem. He tells us that the Holy Virgin saw the light in her father's house at " the Probatica" in Jerusalem. 1 This Probatica is the Pool of which we read in the Gospel, where our Lord healed the paralytic. 2

There is still in existence a grotto that probably formed a part of the house in which our Lady was born. On its site was built in the fourth or fifth century a Byzantine Basilica, where St. John Damascene preached two sermons on the Feast of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin. Discoveries made as recently as 1914 have proved that the atrium of this Basilica, called in the days of St. John Damascene the Church of our Lady's Nativity, stood over the portico leading to the Probatica. The ancient Basilica was several times destroyed and several times restored. The present church, built, like its predecessor, upon the traditional site of our Lady's birth, is dedicated to her holy mother, and is served by the " White Fathers," a congregation of priests founded by the late Cardinal Lavigerie. Their house, adjoining the church, is called " the House of the Probatica," in consequence of its vicinity to the Gospel well, from which it is only separated by the width of a street.

Our Lady's Parents.

Our Lady's father was named Heli or Joachim 3 — meaning Expectation, her mother Hannah or Anne, which signifies Grace. Gracious, assuredly,  in the eyes of God was she whose daughter is the Ever-Blessed Virgin, hailed by the Angel as herself " Full of grace"—the destined Mother of God.

Our Lady's Ancestry

An ancient tradition tells us that Joachim and Anne had long been childless and that their only child was given to them in answer to fervent, long' continued prayer. St. Justin, who was born in Samaria A.D. 100, and was well acquainted with the traditions of Palestine, writes that our Lady was of royal stock, descending in a direct line of ancestry from King David, whilst St. Augustine informs us that: " One of David's sons, according to custom, married a wife from the sacerdotal line. Hence Mary belonged to both tribes and had her descent both in the royal and sacerdotal lines." 4

Our Lady's Name. 

It was usual amongst the Jews to name their children the ninth day after birth, in the midst of the assembled family. St. Joachim bestowed upon his daughter the name of Miriam— a name of Egyptian origin—in Greek and Latin Maria, which signifies both Sovereign Lady or Princess, and Sea of Sorrows. It, as we shall see, has received various other interpretations.

1 De Fide Orthodoxa, iv. 15.

2 The Probatica was named from the Greek  (meaning sheep) —probably because it was in this well, situated very near the Temple, that the sheep were washed before being offered in the sacrifices. It is translated in the A.V. (John v. 2) " by the sheep market," a most unlikely rendering. The R.V. has " by the sheep gate." The Douay version wisely leaves it untranslated.

3 The Arabs know St. Joachim by the name of Imram or Amram- the father of another Mary, the sister of Moses (see Koran, Sura III. "The Family of Imram"). On this subject Mr. Rodwell writes (the Koran, translated from the Arabic, in Everyman's Library, by Rev. J. M. Rodwell, p. 385) : " It is difficult to avoid the conclusion that Muhammed is guilty of confounding Miriam with the Virgin Mary. On the other hand is the difficulty of conceiving that, as the sequence of time and fact is observed [in the Koran] with tolerable accuracy in regard to the main features of Jewish and Christian history, he should have fallen into so considerable an error ... as to have overlooked the discrepancy in their respective dates. But it is possible that Muhammad believed that, as some Muslim writers assert, Miriam's soul and body were miraculously preserved till the time of Jesus, to become Mary His Mother." It is very curious to find that Miriam was mystically identified with Mary by St. Jerome (Ep. ad Eustoch. Cf. P- 341)

De diversis quaest., Lib. I. Ixi. 2.

Homilies of Father Paul Yi: Spiritual Mothers for Priests.

Homilies of Father Paul Yi: April 4, 2016 Monday: Feast of Annunciation:

Have you ever wondered why Mary, who is the most perfect of all creatures, the most beloved by Jesus, and the most intimately united with him was not chosen to be a priest at the altar? I mean, she’s the one who was standing right there at the altar of the Cross! If anything, this tells us that Jesus’ choice to reserve the ordained priesthood to men alone is not based on a superiority of men over women. If it were based on superiority, then Mary clearly would have been the first priest. But she was not. Why not? Because Jesus had another gift for her and for many women: the gift of spiritual motherhood, a vocation in the Church that, unfortunately, is not widely known. Yet it’s a vocation that’s just as important as the ordained priesthood, at least in the sense that it’s not only a privileged source of priestly vocations, but it also sustains them and makes them bear fruit. Actually, there’s a sense in which the vocation of being a spiritual mother for priests may be even more important than a priestly vocation. I say this because one spiritual mother can “give birth” to and sustain not just one priestly vocation but many.

I said that the priesthood, in a sense, comes from spiritual mothers. Why? Well, let’s start with Mary. Without her “yes” to God at the Annunciation, we would not have Jesus Christ, our High Priest. So, without her “yes” to motherhood, there would be no priesthood. Similarly, without the yes of so many hidden spiritual mothers for priests, there would be few (if any) priests. Let me explain.

As I write, I’m well aware that any good or fruitfulness of this writing flows in large part from the prayers and sacrifices of my spiritual mothers. I don’t just think this. I know it. I myself have clearly experienced the power of their prayers in my own priestly life and throughout my time in the seminary. It’s a given. In a sense, I owe everything to their prayers.

So who are these spiritual mothers? They’re consecrated women, married women with families of their own, and single women devoted to the Lord. They come from all walks of life, and again, I know it’s their prayers that keep me going as a priest. I also know it’s the prayers of such spiritual mothers that keep many other priests going and make their ministries fruitful. Finally, I’m sure that Mary, the first and preeminent spiritual mother, helped keep Jesus going in his priestly mission and assisted in making it fruitful. Let’s go more deeply into this point.

I have no doubt that while Jesus was pouring himself out in the toil and labor of preaching the kingdom, healing the sick, raising the dead, and casting out demons, Mary was united with him in prayer and sacrifice. Surely, her motherly heart went out to her Son and to all the people his words and actions would reach. Moreover, I’m convinced that it was the power of her prayers that inspired faith in so many of the people that Jesus healed. The grace for this didn’t seem to come directly from Jesus, for he himself was astonished at their faith (see Lk 7:9). So, where did the grace of faith in these Jewish and pagan people come from if not from the Spirit-filled prayers of the perfect disciple whose faith is unsurpassed? For instance, where did the blind man, Bartimaeus, get the courage to repeatedly cry out to Jesus, “Son of David, have pity on me” despite rebukes from crowd? (see Mk 10:46-48). Where did the bleeding woman get the faith that made her reach out to touch Jesus’ garment? (Mt 9:20-22). Where did the Syrophoenician woman get the boldness to persevere in faith after being rebuked by Jesus himself? (see Mk 7:25-30). I suggest that these graces came from Mary’s prayers, which give birth to faith in faithless men and women.

Similarly, we can ask the questions, “From where does the grace come for a young man to renounce marriage and the world and to embrace a life of toil and service as a priest? From where does the grace come that helps him persevere through the testing and training of the seminary?” And once he becomes a priest, “From where does the grace come that gives power to his words, insights to his mind, and warmth to his heart as he serves God’s people?” Of course, the question of where specific graces come is a mystery, and we surely know that the grace of ordination gives a priest everything he needs to fulfill his vocation, but how many extraordinary graces come from spiritual mothers? I’m convinced that many such graces come from them and that their prayers often make the difference between mediocrity in the priesthood and saintly priests.

How much the Church today needs spiritual mothers for priests! In a time when so many convents are empty, Jesus calls out to women from all walks of life to be spiritual mothers for priests. He doesn’t just rely on religious sisters and nuns. He calls out to any woman who will beg the harvest master to send out laborers into the vineyard. He calls out to those who feel a desire to help his priests be what he calls them to be. He calls out to those who love the Church and know that the priests have a special calling to and responsibility for the mission of communion. For Jesus knows that without the priests, there is no Mass. He knows that without the priests, there is no Sacrament of Penance, Anointing of the Sick, or Confirmation. He knows that the renewal of the Church comes through a renewal of the priesthood. Furthermore, he knows that the renewal of the priesthood comes from generous women who give themselves as spiritual mothers and exercise their common priesthood by offering themselves through Christ, with Christ, and in Christ for those in the ministerial priesthood.
This offering of oneself for priests does not have to be something scary. For, while it’s true that there are many “victim souls” among the spiritual mothers of priests (heroic souls who lovingly offer all kinds of agonies such as cancer and other illnesses), there are also many women who live the vocation simply by offering up their little sufferings. But again, this means so much because, remember, even little sufferings lovingly united to the offering of the Mass take on infinite value. In fact, some of the best spiritual mothers, I believe, are those who offer up things that they might never have realized could bring great holiness to priests. For instance, they can offer their broken motherly hearts if they can’t conceive a child or if their children leave the Church and go the way of the world. They can offer their broken spousal hearts if they’ve been abandoned by husbands who couldn’t say no to the culture of death. They can offer their lonely hearts if their husbands are aloof or deceased or if they’ve never been able to marry. Such women, who may be tempted to think of themselves as motherly failures, can find deep meaning in a vocation of offering up their broken hearts for the sanctification of spiritual fathers.
To all those being called to be spiritual mothers for priests, I say this: We priests need you! Priests who are lonely, depressed, discouraged, overworked, overwhelmed, tempted, persecuted, tepid, and brokenhearted need to feel the motherly love of your prayers. The Church needs you! It needs you to beg the Master of the harvest for holy priests, men who will say no to the culture of death and embrace a life of self-giving service to God’s people. God’s people need you! They need the holy priests that your prayers will inspire. They need to be fed by priests who have the Heart of the Good Shepherd and the fire of his love.

Just as life begins in mothers, so the life of the Church begins in all you spiritual mothers out there.

Fr. Michael Gaitley, MIC

One Thing is Three

The World's First Love by Archbishop Fulton J. Sheen. Part 54.


It is not that God has abandoned the world, but that the world has abandoned God and cast its lot with nature divorced from Nature’s God. Man throughout history has always become wicked when, turning his back on God, he identified himself with nature. The new name for nature is Science. Science rightly understood means reading the Wisdom of God in Nature, which God made. Science wrongly understood means reading the proofs of the Book of Nature while denying that the Book ever had an Author. Nature or Science is a servant of man under God; but divorced from God, Nature or Science is a tyrant, and the atom bomb is the symbol of that tyranny.

Since man trembles before Nature without God, the only hope for mankind must be found in nature itself. It is as if God in His Mercy, when man turned his head away from the heavens, still left hope for him in the very nature toward which he now lowers his eyes. There is Hope and a great Hope, too. The Hope is ultimately in God, but people are so far away from God they cannot immediately make the leap. We have to start with the world as it is. The Divine seems far away. The start back to God must begin with nature. But is there anything unspoiled and unshattered in all nature with which we can start the way back? There is one thing, which Wordsworth called our “tainted nature’s solitary boast.” That hope is in The Woman. She is not a goddess, she is not divine, she is entitled to no adoration. But she came out of our physical and cosmic nature so holy and good that when God came to this earth He chose her to be His Mother and the Woman of the world.

It is particularly interesting that the theology of the Russians, before they were overwhelmed by the cold heart of the anti-God, taught that when the world rejected the Heavenly Father He sent His Divine Son, Jesus Christ, to illumine the world. Then they went on to predict that, when the world would reject Our Lord as it has done today, on that Dark Night the light of His Mother would arise to illumine the darkness and lead the world to peace. The beautiful revelation of Our Blessed Mother at Fatima in Portugal from April to October, 1917, was another proof of the Russian thesis that, when the world would fight against the Savior, He would send His Mother to save us. And her greatest Revelation took place in the very month the Bolshevik Revolution began.

What was said on those occasions is too well known to be repeated. Our present concern is with the Dance of the Sun which took place on October 13, 1917. Those who love the Mother of Our Lord need no further evidence of this event. Since those who unfortunately do not know either would take proof only from those who reject both Our Lord and His Mother, I offer this description of the phenomenon by the atheist editor of the anarchist Portuguese newspaper O Seculo, who was one among the 70,000 who witnessed the incident that day. It was “a spectacle unique and incredible… . One can see the immense crowd turn toward the sun which reveals itself free of the clouds in full noon. The great star of day makes one think of a silver plaque, and it is possible to look straight at it without the least discomfort. … The astonished eyes of the people, full of terror, with heads uncovered, gaze into the blue of the sky. The sun has trembled, and has made some brusque movements, unprecedented, and outside of all cosmic laws. According to the typical expressions of the peasants ‘the sun danced.’ The sun turned around on itself like a wheel of fireworks, and it fell almost to the point of burning the earth with its rays … It remains for those competent to pronounce on the danse macabre of the sun, which today at Fatima has made Hosannas burst from the breasts of the faithful and has naturally impressed even freethinkers and other persons not at all interested in religious matter.”

Another atheistic and antireligious sheet, O Ordem, wrote: “The sun is sometimes surrounded with crimson flames, at other times aureoled with yellow and at still others, red; it seemed to revolve with a very rapid movement of rotation, apparently detaching itself from the sky, and approached the earth while radiating strong heat.”

Why should Almighty God have chosen to verify the 1917 message of Our Lady about the end of World War I, about the beginning of World War II in 1939 if men did not repent, through nature’s one indispensable light and heat? We may only conjecture.

There are three possible ways of interpreting the Miracle of the Sun. The first is to regard it as a warning of the atomic bomb, which, like a falling sun, would darken the world. It conceivably might be a portent of the day when man, Prometheus-like, would snatch fire from the heavens and then rain it down as death on Nagasaki and Hiroshima.

On the other hand, it could be seen as a sign of hope, namely, that the Woman who came out of nature is mightier than the forces of nature. The atomic bomb explodes through fission, or one atom rending and tearing another atom. But atomic fission is the way the sun lights the world. God put atomic fission in the universe; otherwise we would not have discovered it. At Fatima, the fact that Mary could take this great center and seat of atomic power and make it her plaything, the fact that she could swing the sun “like a trinket at her wrist,” is a proof that God has given her power over it, not for death, but for light and life and hope. As Scripture foretold: “And now, in heaven, a great sign appeared; a woman clothed with the sun.” (Rev. 12:1)

There is a third way of viewing the Miracle of the Sun and that is to regard it as a miniature and a cameo of what may yet happen to the world, namely, some sudden cataclysm or catastrophe which would make the world shake in horror as the 70,000 shook at Fatima that day. This catastrophe would be a precocious or uncontrolled explosion of an atomic bomb which would literally shake the earth. This is not beyond the realm of possibility. Einstein and Lindbergh in their scientific writings have mentioned it as a danger. But better than either testimony is the address the Holy Father gave at the opening session of the Pontifical Academy of Science on February 21, 1943 two years before the first atomic bomb was dropped.

Since atoms are extremely small it was not thought seriously that they might also acquire practical importance. Today, instead, such a question has taken an unexpected form following the results of artificial radioactivity. It was, in fact, established that in the disintegration, which the atom of uranium undergoes when bombarded by neutrons, two or three neutrons are freed, each launching itself - one being able to meet and smash another uranium atom.

From special calculation it has been ascertained that in such a way (neutron bombardment causing a breakdown in the uranium atom) in one cubic meter of oxide power of uranium, in less than one one-hundredth of a second, there develops enough energy to elevate more than sixteen miles a weight of a billion tons: a sum of energy which could substitute for many years the action of all the great power plants of the world.

Above all, therefore, it should be of utmost importance that the energy originated by such a machine should not be let loose to explode but a way found to control such power with suitable chemical means. Otherwise there could result, not only in a single place but also for our entire planet, a dangerous catastrophe.

On October 13, 1917, believers and unbelievers prostrated themselves upon the ground during the Miracle of the Sun, most of them pleading to God for Mercy and Forgiveness. That whirling sun, which spun like a giant wheel and thrust itself to the earth as if it would burn it with its rays, may have been the harbinger of a world spectacle that will draw millions to their knees in a rebirth of faith. And as Mary revealed herself in that first Miracle of the Sun, so may we look forward to another revelation of her power when the world has its next rehearsal for the Dies Irae.

Devotion to Our Lady of Fatima is actually a petition to a Woman to save man from nature made destructive through the rebellious intellect of man. At other moments in history, she was a Mediatrix of Her Divine Son for man; but here she is a Mediatrix for nature. She seizes the original atomic power which is the sun and proves it is hers to use for peace. And yet it is not apart from man that she would save him from nature, as it was not apart from her free consent that God would save humanity from sin. Man must cooperate through penance. At La Salette, Our Lady asked for penance. At Lourdes, three times the Blessed Mother said: “Penance, penance, penance.” At Fatima, the same penitential antiphon is struck time and time again. The atom will not destroy man, if man will not destroy himself. An atom in revolt is only a symbol of man in revolt. But humanity in repentance will purchase a nature in complete control. Like the threatened destruction of Nineveh, the threat of another World War is conditional. The Blessed Mother revealed at Fatima in 1917 that World War I would end in another year. If men repented, she said, a great era of peace and prosperity would come to the world. But if not, another World War, worse than the first, would begin in the reign of the next Pontiff (Pius XI). The Civil

War in Spain in 1936 was thus looked upon by Heaven as the curtain raiser and the prologue of World War II. This war would be the means by which “God will punish the world for its crimes by means of war, of hunger, and of persecution of the Church and the Holy Father.

“To prevent this I come to ask the consecration of Russia to My Immaculate Heart and the Communion of Reparation on the first Saturdays. Russia will be converted, and there will be peace. If my requests are not granted, Russia will scatter her errors throughout the world, provoking wars and persecutions of the Church. The good will be martyred, the Holy Father will have to suffer much, and various nations will be annihilated.”

There then comes a missing paragraph, which the Church has not yet given to the world. It probably refers to these times. Then, as if to indicate that it will be a Time of Trouble, comes the concluding paragraph: “In the end My Immaculate Heart will triumph. The Holy Father will consecrate Russia to me, and it will be converted and a certain period of peace will be granted to the world.”

Repentance, prayer, sacrifice - these are conditions of peace, for they are the means by which man is remade. Fatima throws a new light on Russia, for it makes a distinction between Russia and the Soviets. It is not the Russian people that must be conquered in war; they have already suffered enough since 1917. It is Communism that must be crushed. This can be done by a Revolution from within. It is well to remember that Russia has not one, but two atomic bombs. Her second bomb is the pent-up sufferings of her people under the yoke of slavery, and when that explodes it will be with a force a thousand times greater than that which comes from the fission of an atom! We need a revolution, too, as well as Russia. Our revolution must be from within our hearts, that is, by the remaking of our lives. As we proceed with our Revolution, the Revolution in Russia will grow apace.

O Mary, we have exiled Your Divine Son from our lives, our councils, our education and families! Come with the light of the sun as the symbol of His Power! Heal our wars, our dark unrest; cool the cannon’s lips so hot with war! Take our minds off the atom and our souls out of the muck of nature! Give us rebirth in Your Divine Son, us, the poor children of the earth grown old with age! “Advance Woman, in Thy Assault upon Omnipotence!” Shame us all into enlisting as Your warriors of peace and love!